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In the 3rd century CE, the Roman Empire began to decline, facing economic instability, political turmoil, and invasions by barbarian tribes. The empire was eventually divided into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, with the Western Empire falling in 476 CE. However, the legacy of the Romans continued to influence Western culture and civilization for centuries. Italy was next invaded by various Germanic tribes, including the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Lombards. In the 8th century, the Papacy emerged as a major political force in Italy, and the Pope became the de facto ruler of much of central Italy.

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During the Middle Ages, Italy was divided into a number of independent city-states, including Venice, Florence, and Milan, which competed for power and influence. The Renaissance, which began in Italy in the 14th century, saw a resurgence of art, literature, and learning, and Italy became a center of culture and innovation. The Medici family were one of the most powerful and influential families in Florence, and they played a significant role in the city's artistic growth. They commissioned many of the great works of art and architecture that are still celebrated today, and their patronage helped to support many of the leading artists and thinkers of the period including Leonardo da Vinci who is best known for his iconic painting, the Mona Lisa, as well as his contributions to the fields of engineering and anatomy. Another important figure was Michelangelo, a painter, sculptor, and architect. He is best known for his sculptures, such as the David and the Pieta, as well as his paintings in the Sistine Chapel.

 

Florence during the Renaissance was also marked by significant architectural achievements, including the construction of the Duomo, or the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, which features a stunning dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi. Galileo Galilei made important scientific discoveries in the fields of astronomy and physics and challenged traditional beliefs that paved the way for new discoveries and advancements in science.

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In the 19th century, Italy was unified under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, and the modern Italian state was established in 1861. Italy played a significant role in World War I, and after the war, the country was ruled by Benito Mussolini and the fascist party from 1922 until the end of World War II. After the war, Italy became a democratic republic and experienced a period of economic growth known as the "Italian Miracle." Today, Italy is known for its rich cultural heritage, beautiful cities, and delicious food and wine.

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For your visit to italy, we urge you to keep in mind that Italy is about the size of California so it is bigger than people realize (add in some jet lag to that)! Our biggest regret was not spending enough time in certain cities. For a two-week trip we recommend 3-4 cities max (including day trips). You can choose by region (northern, southern, or central) or you can always focus on the big 3 ( Rome, Venice, Florence). Just remember when planning... Rome wasn't built in a day!